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Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia . A small Amorite-ruled state emerged in 1894 BC, which contained at this time the minor city of Babylon. Babylon greatly expanded during the reign of Hammurabi in the first half of the 18th century BC, becoming a major capital city. During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was called M?t Akkad? "the country of Akkad" in the Akkadian language.