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Calcination refers to heating a solid to high temperatures in air or oxygen, generally for the purpose of removing impurities or volatile substances.[1] However, calcination is also used to mean a thermal treatment process in the absence or limited supply of air or oxygen applied to ores and other solid materials to bring about a thermal decomposition. The root of the word calcination refers to its most prominent use, which is to remove carbon from limestone through combustion to yield calcium oxide . This calcination reaction is CaCO3 ? CaO + CO2. Calcium oxide is a crucial ingredient in modern cement, and is also used as a chemical flux in smelting. Industrial calcination generally emits carbon dioxide , making it a major contributer to climate change.