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Isoleucine encoded by the codons ATT, ATC, ATA is an ?-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an ?-amino group (which is in the protonated ?NH+
3 form under biological conditions), an ?-carboxylic acid group , and a hydrocarbon side chain, classifying it as a non-polar, uncharged, aliphatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and must be ingested in our diet. Isoleucine is synthesized from pyruvate employing leucine biosynthesis enzymes in other organisms such as bacteria.